Thermotolerance of Immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum-Alginate-Palm Kernel Cake Bead as Potential Ruminant Feed Pellet

Authors

  • Fatin Akalili Abu Hassan Section of Food Engineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology, Lot 1988 Vendor City, Taboh Naning, 78000 Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
  • Siti Fatimah Ibrahim School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, England
  • Mohamad Shahrul Effendy Kosnan Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology, Plant Engineering Technology Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Mohd Anuar Ismail Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology, Plant Engineering Technology Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Shahrulzaman Shaharuddin Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology, Plant Engineering Technology Section, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Mohd Aliff Afira Sani Quality Engineering Research Cluster (QEREC), Universiti Kuala Lumpur Branch Campus Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam, 81750 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Keywords:

Palm Kernel Cake, Alginate, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pellet, Ruminant

Abstract

The development of a thermal protective technique in the feed manufacturing process is crucial for delivering a sufficient number of probiotics. This study was aimed to determine an optimum ratio between a combination of heterogenous encapsulation of palm kernel cake (PKC) and sodium alginate (Al) for immobilized Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 survivability and its thermo-tolerance. In this study, bead particles at a ratio of 3:2 (Al: PKC) gave the most efficient encapsulation, which produced the highest cell viability (70.39%). Similarly, this ratio also showed higher cell survivability (97.51%) upon simulated heat exposure. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the changes in the functional bonds in the presence of PKC, probiotic, and alginate. The thermogravimetric analysis also showed the 3:2 bead ratio gave the best thermal protection rate at 84.06%. Thus, this newly developed heterogeneous bead could be applied as a value-added additive in the ruminant pellet industry to significantly impact ruminant growth and health.

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Published

2025-11-05

Issue

Vol. 135 No. 1: November (2025)

Section

Articles