Biochemical and Hepatological Effects of Low Dose Radiation Exposure in Animal Models: Implications for Human Health

Abstract

Exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) is an increasing public health concern due to its potential to induce chronic biochemical and hepatological consequences. This review examines the mechanisms and implications of LDIR exposure in animal models, focusing on its impact on the liver, low-dose radiation exposure (LDIR) triggers oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory responses, resulting in alterations in liver enzyme activities, lipid metabolism, and cellular signaling pathways. These biochemical changes contribute to the growth of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatological consequences of LDIR include impaired liver regeneration, chronic inflammation, and the development of liver disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. The review highlights the importance for further research to clarify the long-term impacts of LDIR on human health, including the development of sensitive biomarkers, refined dose-response relationships, and personalized approaches to radiation protection. Interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of advanced molecular and computational tools are crucial for enhancing our understanding of LDIR effects and creating effective interventions to mitigate radiation-induced liver damage. The findings highlight the significance of optimizing public health policies and radiation exposure guidelines to minimize the hazard of chronic liver diseases in people exposed to occupational or environmental radiation.